Fig. 1

The physicochemical characterization of CQDs. (a) TEM image with HR-TEM image; (b) TEM size distribution; (c) Raman spectrum; (d) XRD spectrum; (e) FT-IR spectrum; (f) Hydrous particle diameters; (g) Îľ-potentials; (h) UV-vis absorption spectrum; (i) Spectra of excitation wavelength increasing from 320Â nm to 400Â nm