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Table 3 Mediation effect via pulmonary inflammatory mediators

From: Worse pulmonary function in association with cumulative exposure to nanomaterials. Hints of a mediation effect via pulmonary inflammation

Lung function parameters

10-year cumulative exposure as particle number concentration

(particles/cm3-yrs)

10-year cumulative exposure as LDSA

(µm2/cm3-yrs)

Via IL-10

OR (95% C.I.)

Via IL-1β

OR (95% C.I.)

Via TNF-α

OR (95% C.I.)

Via IL-10

OR (95% C.I.)

Via IL-1β

OR (95% C.I.)

Via TNF-α

OR (95% C.I.)

FEV1

      

Indirect effect

0.93 (0.79–1.06)

1.06 (0.87–1.26)

1.00 (0.80–1.18)

0.84 (0.63–1.04)

1.15 (0.80–1.49)

1.01 (0.81–1.22)

Direct effect

1.68 (1.21–2.34)

1.52 (1.08–2.14)

1.470 (1.002–2.150)

2.11 (1.36–3.27)

1.95 (1.15–3.32)

1.75 (1.16–2.65)

Total effect

1.56 (1.07–2.05)

1.61 (1.08–2.14)

1.46 (0.84–2.08)

1.76 (1.20–2.59)

2.24 (1.19–4.1)

1.77 (1.09–2.46)

FVC

      

Indirect effect

0.94 (0.76–1.13)

1.1 (0.85–1.35)

0.94 (0.69–1.18)

0.89 (0.62–1.16)

1.10 (0.78–1.43)

0.94 (0.66–1.22)

Direct effect

0.97 (0.52–1.79)

0.79 (0.39–1.60)

0.68 (0.28–1.64)

1.13 (0.59–2.19)

0.90 (0.46–1.75)

0.78 (0.33–1.83)

Total effect

0.91 (0.39–1.43)

0.87 (0.30–1.43)

0.63 (0.03–1.24)

1.01 (0.42–1.59)

0.99 (0.39–1.59)

0.73 (0.06–1.42)

FEV1/FVC

      

Indirect effect

0.78 (0.59–0.97)

1.09 (0.88–1.30)

1.21 (1.01–1.44)

0.66 (0.41–0.91)

0.98 (0.64–1.32)

1.26 (1.01–1.56)

Direct effect

0.65 (0.30–1.40)

0.73 (0.37–1.41)

0.67 (0.35–1.28)

0.65 (0.30–1.41)

0.59 (0.27–1.28)

0.69 (0.35–1.28)

Total effect

0.51 (0.23–1.10)

0.80 (0.30–1.28)

0.81 (0.29–1.32)

0.43 (0.07–0.79)

0.57 (0.06–1.08)

0.84 (0.30–1.38)

FEF25 − 75%

      

Indirect effect

0.89 (0.74–1.10)

1.00 (0.80–1.19)

0.92 (0.75–1.09)

0.80 (0.58–1.03)

1.10 (0.73–1.47)

0.91 (0.66–1.16)

Direct effect

1.53 (1.08–2.19)

1.43 (0.98–2.07)

1.52 (1-04-2.20)

1.86 (1.15–3.03)

1.82 (1.03–3.23)

1.81 (1.01–3.26)

Total effect

1.37 (0.90–1.85)

1.42 (1.00-2.03)

1.40 (0.91–1.88)

1.50 (0.83–2.17)

2.00 (1.01–3.98)

1.65 (0.59–2.71)

  1. All Odds Ratios (ORs) are derived from the decomposition into direct and indirect effects estimated by single-mediator Generalized Multilevel Structural Equation Models with the recruiting center and the IDs as latent variables accounting for between- and within-level variability. The ORs are calculated for an IQR-increase of cumulative exposure to nanomaterials (10 years) and are adjusted by potential confounders including active/inactive lifestyle, lifetime tobacco smoking (pack-years), sex, age, Body Mass Index (BMI) and ethnicity. The parameter-specific Lower Limit of Normal (LLN) are derived from the Global Lung Function Initiative (GLI, 2012) to express each respiratory parameter as below or above the fifth percentile (or a z-score < − 1.64) of the Global Lung Initiative spirometric reference equations distribution (Quanjer, 2012). Interleukins (ILs) and Tumor Necrosis Factor alpha are measured in exhaled breath condensate as pulmonary biomarker of inflammation
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Particle and Fibre Toxicology

ISSN: 1743-8977

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