Fig. 4

NAO- and ceramic-derived brake-wear PM strongly induce an inflammatory response and drive glycolytic reprogramming. ATII cells and primary ATII cells were exposed to 8 µg/cm² of the 6 different PM types for 24 h, after which various markers of inflammation were examined. A GSVA for Hallmark TNFα signalling via NFκB B ATII cell IL-6 protein secretion was determined after exposure to 8 µg/cm² of the 6 different PM types for 24 h. Determined via ELISA. C ATII cell IL-8 protein secretion was determined after exposure to 8 µg/cm² of the 6 different PM types for 24 h. Determined via ELISA. D GSVA for Hallmark Reactive Oxygen Species (Oxidative Stress Score). E GSVA for Hallmark Hypoxia. F GSVA of Panther Glycolysis pathway. G Heatmap visualising the expression of genes within the GSVA of Panther Glycolysis pathway. H ATP Production Rate % from mitochondria, and from glycolysis in the medium control and NAO BWPM. Negative control represents cells that were not exposed to PM. In A: Box contains median, upper, and lower quartiles, with whiskers representing the range. In B, C, and H: Bars represent mean + SEM. In A-F: A RM one-way ANOVA test was used with a Dunnett’s post-hoc test. In H, the ‘*’ represents a significantly increased glycoATP production rate in NAO compared to med ctrl, determined using a two-tailed paired t-test. Statistically significant values are indicated with the star notation on the graphs. * = p ≤ 0.05, ** = p ≤ 0.01, *** = p ≤ 0.001, **** = p ≤ 0.0001